宗教 ⭐
Religion
- 英国历史上是基督教国家，但人人享有宗教自由。手册引用 2011 年人口普查：约 59% 认同基督教，约 4.8% 为穆斯林，约 25% 无宗教信仰。The UK is historically Christian, but everyone has freedom of religion. The handbook uses the 2011 Census: about 59% Christian, about 4.8% Muslim and about 25% with no religion.
- 英格兰教会（圣公会，新教）是英格兰的国教；君主是教会的最高领袖（Supreme Governor）；坎特伯雷大主教是精神领袖。The Church of England (Anglican, Protestant) is the established church in England. The monarch is its Supreme Governor, and the Archbishop of Canterbury is its spiritual leader.
- 君主根据首相建议任命大主教和高级主教。The monarch appoints archbishops and senior bishops on the advice of the Prime Minister.
- 苏格兰教会是长老会制，由大会主席（Moderator）主持，每年选举一次。威尔士和北爱尔兰没有国教。The Church of Scotland is Presbyterian, led by a Moderator elected each year. There is no established church in Wales or Northern Ireland.
人口普查每十年一次。2021 年英格兰和威尔士的普查显示，认同基督教的人首次低于一半（约 46%），无宗教信仰者升至约 37%，穆斯林约 6.5%。考试按手册出题，记住 2011 年的数字即可，但了解趋势有助于理解今天的英国。
The census is held every ten years. The 2021 Census in England and Wales showed, for the first time, fewer than half of people identifying as Christian (about 46%), with about 37% saying no religion and about 6.5% Muslim. The test uses the handbook's 2011 figures, but the trend helps explain modern Britain.
| English | 中文 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| Anglican | 圣公会 | 英格兰教会及其在海外的姐妹教会。 |
| Presbyterian | 长老会 | 由长老而非主教管理的新教教会，如苏格兰教会。 |
| Roman Catholic | 罗马天主教 | 约占英国基督徒的十分之一。 |
| Methodist / Baptist / Quaker | 卫理公会 / 浸信会 / 贵格会 | 其他新教派别。 |
节日与公众假日 ⭐
Festivals and bank holidays
- 圣诞节 12 月 25 日，纪念耶稣诞生；节礼日 12 月 26 日也是公众假日。Christmas Day, 25 December, celebrates the birth of Jesus; Boxing Day, 26 December, is also a public holiday.
- 复活节纪念耶稣复活；之前是 40 天的大斋期，前一天是煎饼节（Shrove Tuesday），大斋期从圣灰星期三开始。耶稣受难日纪念耶稣被钉十字架。Easter marks the resurrection of Jesus. Before it come the 40 days of Lent, starting on Ash Wednesday; the day before Lent is Shrove Tuesday (Pancake Day). Good Friday marks the crucifixion.
- 排灯节（Diwali）：印度教徒和锡克教徒庆祝，通常在 10 月或 11 月，莱斯特的庆祝活动最著名。Diwali is celebrated by Hindus and Sikhs, usually in October or November; Leicester's celebrations are famous.
- 光明节（Hanukkah）：犹太节日，11 月或 12 月，持续 8 天，点燃烛台（menorah）。Hanukkah is a Jewish festival in November or December lasting eight days, when candles are lit on a menorah.
- 开斋节（Eid al-Fitr）庆祝斋月结束；宰牲节（Eid ul Adha）纪念易卜拉欣愿以子献祭。Eid al-Fitr celebrates the end of Ramadan; Eid ul Adha remembers Ibrahim's willingness to sacrifice his son.
- 维萨基节（Vaisakhi）：锡克教节日，4 月 14 日，纪念卡尔萨教团的建立。Vaisakhi, on 14 April, is a Sikh festival celebrating the founding of the Khalsa.
- 阵亡将士纪念日 11 月 11 日：佩戴红色罂粟花，上午 11 点默哀两分钟。Remembrance Day, 11 November: people wear red poppies and hold a two-minute silence at 11am.
- 苏格兰除夕（Hogmanay）12 月 31 日；苏格兰 1 月 2 日也是公众假日。Hogmanay is 31 December; in Scotland, 2 January is also a public holiday.
- 1/1 新年 New Year's Day
- 2/14 情人节 Valentine's Day
- 3/1 圣大卫节 St David's Day
- 3/17 圣帕特里克节 St Patrick's Day
- 母亲节（复活节前三周的周日） Mothering Sunday
- 4/1 愚人节 April Fool's Day
- 4/14 维萨基节 Vaisakhi
- 4/23 圣乔治节 St George's Day
- 复活节（3–4 月） Easter (Mar/Apr)
- 5 月初银行假日 Early May bank holiday
- 父亲节（6 月第三个周日） Father's Day
- 7/12 北爱尔兰公众假日 12 July holiday (NI)
- 夏季银行假日 Summer bank holiday
- 爱丁堡艺术节 Edinburgh Festival
- 逍遥音乐节最后一夜 Last Night of the Proms
- 10/31 万圣节 Halloween
- 排灯节（10–11 月） Diwali (Oct/Nov)
- 11/5 篝火之夜 Bonfire Night
- 11/11 阵亡将士纪念日 Remembrance Day
- 11/30 圣安德鲁节 St Andrew's Day
- 12/25 圣诞节 Christmas Day
- 12/26 节礼日 Boxing Day
- 12/31 苏格兰除夕 Hogmanay
- 光明节（11–12 月） Hanukkah (Nov/Dec)
"银行假日"（bank holiday）就是公众假日，银行和许多企业休息。英格兰和威尔士有 8 个，苏格兰和北爱尔兰另有各自的假日，例如北爱尔兰的 7 月 12 日纪念博因河战役。
A "bank holiday" is a public holiday when banks and many businesses close. England and Wales have eight; Scotland and Northern Ireland have some of their own, such as 12 July in Northern Ireland, which marks the Battle of the Boyne.
其他常见习俗：情人节 2 月 14 日互赠卡片；愚人节 4 月 1 日中午前开玩笑；万圣节 10 月 31 日孩子们装扮后"不给糖就捣蛋"；篝火之夜 11 月 5 日放烟花，纪念 1605 年火药阴谋失败。
Other customs: on Valentine's Day (14 February) people send cards; on April Fool's Day (1 April) jokes are played until midday; on Halloween (31 October) children dress up and go "trick or treating"; and on Bonfire Night (5 November) fireworks mark the failure of the 1605 Gunpowder Plot.
体育 ⭐
Sport
- 英国举办过三次夏季奥运会：1908、1948、2012 年，都在伦敦。The UK has hosted the Summer Olympics three times, all in London: 1908, 1948 and 2012.
- 残奥会起源于白金汉郡的斯托克曼德维尔医院，由路德维希·古特曼爵士发起。The Paralympics grew out of work at Stoke Mandeville hospital in Buckinghamshire, led by Sir Ludwig Guttmann.
- 足球是最受欢迎的运动；英格兰唯一一次赢得世界杯是 1966 年。Football is the most popular sport; England's only World Cup win was in 1966.
- 板球起源于英格兰；橄榄球起源于 19 世纪初的英格兰（拉格比公学），分联盟式与联合会式两种。Cricket originated in England; rugby began in England in the early 19th century and has two forms, union and league.
- 高尔夫起源于苏格兰，圣安德鲁斯被称为"高尔夫之乡"；温布尔登是世界上最古老的网球赛事，也是唯一在草地上进行的大满贯。Golf comes from Scotland; St Andrews is known as the home of golf. Wimbledon is the oldest tennis tournament in the world and the only major played on grass.
- 赛马：皇家阿斯科特（伯克郡）、在利物浦安特里举行的全国越野障碍赛马（Grand National）。Horse racing: Royal Ascot in Berkshire and the Grand National at Aintree, near Liverpool.
| English | 中文 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| Sir Roger Bannister | 罗杰·班尼斯特 | 1954 年第一个在 4 分钟内跑完 1 英里。 |
| Bobby Moore | 博比·摩尔 | 1966 年英格兰世界杯冠军队长。 |
| Sir Steve Redgrave | 史蒂夫·雷德格雷夫 | 赛艇，连续五届奥运会金牌。 |
| Baroness Tanni Grey-Thompson | 坦尼·格雷-汤普森 | 轮椅田径残奥选手，16 枚奖牌（11 金），曾 6 次赢得伦敦马拉松。 |
| Dame Kelly Holmes | 凯莉·福尔摩斯 | 2004 年奥运会 800 米和 1500 米双金。 |
| Dame Ellen MacArthur | 艾伦·麦克阿瑟 | 2004 年创单人环球航行最快纪录。 |
| Sir Chris Hoy | 克里斯·霍伊 | 苏格兰场地自行车，六枚奥运金牌。 |
| Sir Bradley Wiggins | 布拉德利·威金斯 | 2012 年首位赢得环法自行车赛的英国人。 |
| Sir Mo Farah | 莫·法拉 | 2012 年奥运会 5000 米和 10000 米双金。 |
| Dame Jessica Ennis-Hill | 杰西卡·恩尼斯-希尔 | 2012 年奥运会七项全能金牌。 |
| Sir Andy Murray | 安迪·穆雷 | 2012 年美网冠军，2013 年温网冠军，网球大满贯男单。 |
| Ellie Simmonds | 埃莉·西蒙兹 | 残奥游泳金牌得主。 |
其他重要赛事：牛津大学与剑桥大学在泰晤士河上的赛艇对抗赛；在银石赛道举行的一级方程式英国大奖赛；苏格兰可以滑雪。英超是世界上收视率最高的足球联赛之一。
Other notable events include the Boat Race between Oxford and Cambridge universities on the Thames and the British Formula 1 Grand Prix at Silverstone; you can also ski in Scotland. The Premier League is one of the most watched football leagues in the world.
音乐与戏剧
Music and theatre
- 古典音乐：亨利·珀塞尔（17 世纪）、亨德尔（《水上音乐》《弥赛亚》）、古斯塔夫·霍尔斯特（《行星组曲》）、爱德华·埃尔加（《威风凛凛进行曲》）、本杰明·布里顿（歌剧《彼得·格赖姆斯》）。Classical music: Henry Purcell (17th century), George Frideric Handel (Water Music, Messiah), Gustav Holst (The Planets), Sir Edward Elgar (Pomp and Circumstance) and Benjamin Britten (the opera Peter Grimes).
- 逍遥音乐节（The Proms）：为期八周的夏季古典音乐节，自 1895 年举办，主场在伦敦皇家阿尔伯特音乐厅。The Proms is an eight-week summer season of classical music held since 1895, mainly at the Royal Albert Hall in London.
- 流行音乐：甲壳虫乐队和滚石乐队影响世界；格拉斯顿伯里是著名音乐节；全英音乐奖（Brit Awards）与水星奖（Mercury Prize）是重要奖项。In pop music, The Beatles and The Rolling Stones changed the world; Glastonbury is a famous festival; the Brit Awards and the Mercury Prize are major awards.
- 威尔士的国家艺术节（National Eisteddfod）是欧洲最大的民俗音乐与诗歌节之一，以威尔士语举行。Wales's National Eisteddfod is one of Europe's largest festivals of music and poetry, held in Welsh.
- 戏剧：伦敦西区；作曲家安德鲁·劳埃德·韦伯（《耶稣基督万世巨星》《艾薇塔》《歌剧魅影》）；吉尔伯特与沙利文的喜剧歌剧；圣诞节的童话剧（pantomime）；戏剧奖项为劳伦斯·奥利弗奖。Theatre: London's West End; composer Andrew Lloyd Webber (Jesus Christ Superstar, Evita, The Phantom of the Opera); the comic operas of Gilbert and Sullivan; Christmas pantomimes; and the Laurence Olivier Awards.
- 爱丁堡艺术节每年夏天举行，边缘艺术节（Fringe）是其中规模最大的部分。The Edinburgh Festival takes place every summer; the Fringe is its largest part.
"最后一夜"（Last Night of the Proms）是英国音乐年历上的大事，观众挥舞国旗合唱《希望与荣耀的土地》和《统治吧，不列颠尼亚》。亨德尔生于德国，后来入籍英国。
The Last Night of the Proms is a highlight of the musical year, with the audience waving flags and singing "Land of Hope and Glory" and "Rule, Britannia!". Handel was born in Germany and later became a British citizen.
美术、建筑与设计
Art, architecture and design
- 画家：托马斯·庚斯博罗（肖像）、约翰·康斯特布尔（风景，《干草车》）、J. M. W. 透纳（光影风景）、拉斐尔前派、大卫·霍克尼。Painters: Thomas Gainsborough (portraits), John Constable (landscapes, The Hay Wain), J. M. W. Turner (light and landscape), the Pre-Raphaelites, and David Hockney.
- 雕塑家：亨利·摩尔以大型抽象铜像闻名。当代艺术奖项是 1984 年设立的透纳奖。Sculptor Henry Moore is known for large abstract bronzes. The Turner Prize, set up in 1984, celebrates contemporary art.
- 建筑：伊尼戈·琼斯、克里斯托弗·雷恩（圣保罗大教堂）、罗伯特·亚当；园林设计师 "能人"布朗（Capability Brown）、格特鲁德·杰基尔。Architecture: Inigo Jones, Sir Christopher Wren (St Paul's Cathedral) and Robert Adam; garden designers Capability Brown and Gertrude Jekyll.
- 现代建筑师：诺曼·福斯特、理查德·罗杰斯、扎哈·哈迪德。Modern architects: Sir Norman Foster, Lord Richard Rogers and Dame Zaha Hadid.
- 设计：家具设计师托马斯·齐本德尔、陶瓷设计师克拉丽丝·克利夫、时装设计师玛丽·奎恩特、亚历山大·麦昆、薇薇恩·韦斯特伍德。Design: furniture maker Thomas Chippendale, ceramics designer Clarice Cliff, and fashion designers Mary Quant, Alexander McQueen and Vivienne Westwood.
伦敦的国家美术馆、泰特英国美术馆和泰特现代美术馆，以及加的夫的威尔士国家博物馆、爱丁堡的苏格兰国家美术馆，常设展览大多免费参观。19 世纪重建的议会大厦是哥特复兴式建筑的代表。
The National Gallery, Tate Britain and Tate Modern in London, National Museum Cardiff and the Scottish National Gallery in Edinburgh are mostly free to visit. The Houses of Parliament, rebuilt in the 19th century, are the best-known example of the Gothic Revival style.
文学与诗歌 ⭐
Literature and poetry
- 威廉·莎士比亚（1564–1616）：《罗密欧与朱丽叶》《哈姆雷特》《仲夏夜之梦》等；伦敦环球剧场是其剧院的复原。William Shakespeare (1564–1616) wrote Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, A Midsummer Night's Dream and many more; the Globe Theatre in London is a reconstruction of his theatre.
- 小说家：简·奥斯汀（《傲慢与偏见》）、查尔斯·狄更斯（《雾都孤儿》《远大前程》）、托马斯·哈代、阿瑟·柯南·道尔（福尔摩斯）、罗伯特·路易斯·史蒂文森（《金银岛》）、J. K. 罗琳（哈利·波特）。Novelists: Jane Austen (Pride and Prejudice), Charles Dickens (Oliver Twist, Great Expectations), Thomas Hardy, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (Sherlock Holmes), Robert Louis Stevenson (Treasure Island) and J. K. Rowling (Harry Potter).
- 诗人：约翰·弥尔顿（《失乐园》）、威廉·华兹华斯（水仙花）、罗伯特·彭斯（苏格兰，《友谊地久天长》）、威尔弗雷德·欧文（一战诗人）、迪伦·托马斯（威尔士）。Poets: John Milton (Paradise Lost), William Wordsworth (daffodils), Robert Burns (Scotland, Auld Lang Syne), Wilfred Owen (First World War) and Dylan Thomas (Wales).
- 鲁德亚德·吉卜林（《丛林之书》）1907 年获诺贝尔文学奖；布克奖是英语小说的重要奖项。Rudyard Kipling (The Jungle Book) won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1907; the Booker Prize is a major award for fiction.
莎士比亚为英语贡献了大量至今常用的说法，例如 "to be or not to be"（生存还是毁灭）、"all the world's a stage"（世界是一个舞台）。苏格兰人每年 1 月 25 日的"彭斯之夜"会吃哈吉斯（haggis）、朗诵彭斯的诗。
Shakespeare gave English many phrases still used today, such as "to be or not to be" and "all the world's a stage". On Burns Night, 25 January, Scots eat haggis and read the poetry of Robert Burns.
饮食、休闲与地标
Food, leisure and places of interest
- 传统食物：英格兰的烤牛肉配约克郡布丁、炸鱼薯条；苏格兰的哈吉斯；威尔士的威尔士蛋糕；北爱尔兰的阿尔斯特煎饼早餐（Ulster fry）。Traditional foods: roast beef with Yorkshire pudding and fish and chips in England, haggis in Scotland, Welsh cakes in Wales, and the Ulster fry in Northern Ireland.
- 18 岁才能在酒吧买酒；国家彩票的最低购买年龄也是 18 岁（手册写 16 岁，2021 年 10 月起提高到 18 岁）。You must be 18 to buy alcohol in a pub. The minimum age for the National Lottery is also 18 (the handbook says 16; it rose to 18 in October 2021).
- 看电视直播或用 BBC iPlayer 需要电视执照（TV licence）；收入用于资助 BBC。You need a TV licence to watch live TV or use BBC iPlayer; the money funds the BBC.
- 国民信托（National Trust）成立于 1895 年，负责保护历史建筑和自然景观。The National Trust, founded in 1895, looks after historic buildings and countryside.
- 著名地标：大本钟（威斯敏斯特宫钟楼的大钟，钟楼 2012 年更名"伊丽莎白塔"）、伦敦眼、伊甸园项目（康沃尔）、伦敦塔、爱丁堡城堡、巨人堤道。Famous places: Big Ben (the great bell of the clock tower at Westminster, renamed the Elizabeth Tower in 2012), the London Eye, the Eden Project in Cornwall, the Tower of London, Edinburgh Castle and the Giant's Causeway.
英国人热爱园艺，每年的切尔西花展是园艺界盛事。电影方面，查理·卓别林、阿尔弗雷德·希区柯克是早期电影巨匠；英国电影学院奖（BAFTA）是英国的电影大奖。喜剧方面，巨蟒剧团（Monty Python）影响深远。
Gardening is a national passion, and the Chelsea Flower Show is its biggest event. In film, Charlie Chaplin and Sir Alfred Hitchcock were early greats; the BAFTAs are the British film awards. In comedy, Monty Python was hugely influential.
本章自测
Quick check
点选答案即可看到对错和解析。想按真实考试节奏练习，请做整套模拟题。
Syllabus points are our own summary of the topics in the official handbook Life in the United Kingdom: A Guide for New Residents (3rd edition). They are not quotations from it. Facts that have changed since the handbook was published are marked.
考纲要点为本站根据官方手册《Life in the United Kingdom: A Guide for New Residents》（第三版）考查范围自行整理，并非手册原文；手册出版后已发生变化的事实已注明。最后核实：2026年10月。